Transformer notre avenir en un futur soutenable : pour une planification de la transition automobile

L'industrie automobile est dans une tourmente, conjoncturelle, tout d'abord, avec un marché profondément affecté par le Covid, des pénuries de matériaux et composants et des clients désorientés ;structurelle, ensuite, avec la transition â marche forcée vers l'électrification. Cette double crise est a haut risque pour l'industrie automobile, mais l'alignement de l'action de l'ensemble des parties prenantes devrait permettre â la filiere française de rester dans la course pour l'automobile du futur.

Introduction

L'industrie automobile est a la croisée des chemins, car elle est soumise a une conjonction d'externalités d'une ampleur et d'une intensité rarement vues : absorption de toutes les crises récentes, celles du Covid et des semi-conducteurs, mais aussi celle de la hausse des prix de l'énergie. C'est celui de parvenir å intégrer ces techniques afin de parvenir a réinventer l'automobile de demain, une automobile connectée, robotisée et traitant automatiquement de grands volumes de données afin de progresser en intelligence, et de mettre celle-ci au service de l'humain, pour un usage réinventé de l'automobile et pour instaurer un systéme de mobilité plus durable. Il appelle ainsi a mieux cibler l'accompagnement des fournisseurs pour faire émerger une nouvelle génération d'ETI et aussi l'apparition de grands équipementiers leaders dans le monde de l'électrique, de l'hydrogene et, plus globalement, de l'automobile de demain. Il demande aussi que l'Europe se donne du temps pour s'adapter a la transition en protégeant temporairement, a l'instar des États-Unis, son marché intérieur.

Open Streets for Whom?

The COVID-19 pandemic has created opportunities for cities to close streets to automobile traffic in the name of public health. Although these interventions promise numerous benefits, neighborhood activists and scholars of color suggest they can perpetuate structurally racist inequities. In this Viewpoint, we implore planners and other city builders to think critically about the impact of these interventions by employing an environmental justice framework. Applying this framework in the open streets context exposes several potential paradoxes that arise. We conclude with a set of best practices that can help city builders transcend these paradoxes and extend this livability revolution to all.

L'analyse des usages de technologies digitales dédiées à la synchronisation : intérêts pour l'étude d'une transformation organisationnelle dans l'ingénierie de conception automobile

Cet article, issu d'une recherche en ergonomie en cours, a pour objectif d'éclairer l'activité des acteurs de la conception du secteur industriel automobile français à travers les usages organisationnels des technologies digitales. Ces dernières sont intégrées depuis plusieurs décennies à l'activité de ces travailleurs et visent à organiser l'activité collective déployée tout au long d'un projet de conception au sein d'équipes distribuées et virtuelles. Parallèlement, ce secteur industriel est soumis à de multiples contraintes de nature économique et écologique l'amenant à flexibiliser ses modes d'organisation dans le but d'innover tout en raccourcissant ses délais de conception. Ce contexte de digitalisation et de transformations organisationnelles interroge l'activité de synchronisation individuelle et collective de ces populations, notamment vis-à-vis des ressources et moyens à leur disposition pour préserver leurs marges de manoeuvre et stratégies de régulation. Ainsi, deux études de cas ont été constituées à travers l'analyse de deux projets de conception automobile se déroulant dans différentes conjonctures. En effet, l'un des deux projets s'est déroulé durant la crise sanitaire due à la COVID-19, nous incitant à adapter nos méthodes de recueil de données, mais également à reconsidérer la digitalisation de cette activité de conception, dans laquelle les interactions entre travailleurs ne pouvaient se dérouler qu'à travers l'usage des technologies digitales. Ainsi, ces deux études de cas abordent les liens entre la flexibilisation des individus et des organisations d'une part, et les stratégies de régulation d'autre part, à travers l'analyse des usages des technologies digitales. Les résultats de ces études de cas montrent que l'usage des technologies digitales, constituant une ressource ou une contrainte pour l'activité, est lié aux caractéristiques de l'organisation dans laquelle elles sont déployées à deux niveaux ;ces formes d'organisations en projet créent des usages spécifiques de ces technologies et ne pourraient exister en l'état sans ces derniers. Précis L'industrie automobile française s'est familiarisée depuis plusieurs décennies à l'usage des technologies digitales afin de réaliser ses projets de conception. Ceux-ci servent notamment à organiser l'activité collective lors d'un projet au sein d'équipes pluridisciplinaires et pluriterritoriales. En parallèle, pour innover au sein d'un marché concurrentiel mondial, ce secteur adopte des organisations de projets visant à raccourcir les délais de conception des véhicules. Cela invite à interroger l'activité de synchronisation individuelle et collective de ces acteurs de la conception à travers les usages organisationnels de ces technologies digitales. En s'appuyant sur des données issues d'une recherche en ergonomie, cet article éclaire les usages organisationnels des technologies digitales dans l'ingénierie de conception automobile, mais également la manière dont l'analyse de ces usages constitue une opportunité pour réinterroger les formes d'organisation du travail dans lesquelles des technologies digitales sont déployées.Alternate :This article, which is the result of ongoing ergonomic research, aims to shed light on the activity of design workers in the French automotive industry through the organisational uses of digital technologies. These technologies have been integrated into the activity of these workers for several decades and aim to organise the collective activity deployed throughout a design project within distributed and virtual teams. At the same time, this industrial sector is subject to multiple constraints of an economic and ecological nature, leading it to make its organisational methods more flexible in order to innovate while shortening its design times. This context of digitalisation and organisational transformation questions the individual and collective activity of synchronisation of these populations, particularly with regard to the resources and means at their disposal to preserve their room for manoeuvre and regulation strategies. Thus, two case studies were constituted through the analysis of two automotive design projects taking place in different circumstances. Indeed, one of the two projects took place during the Covid-19 health crisis, leading us to adapt our data collection methods but also to reconsider the digitalisation of this design activity, in which interactions between workers could only take place through the use of digital technologies. Thus, these two case studies address the links between the flexibilisation of individuals and organisations, on the one hand, and regulation strategies on the other, through the use of digital technologies. The results of these case studies show that the use of digital technologies, as a resource or constraint for the activity, is linked to the characteristics of the organisation in which they are deployed at two levels;these forms of organisation in projects create specific uses of these technologies and could not exist as they are without them.

The COVID-19 impact on supply chain operations of automotive industry: a case study of sustainability 4.0 based on sense-adapt-transform framework

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of global manufacturing companies to their supply chains and operating activities as one of the significant disruption events of the past two decades. It has demonstrated that major companies underestimate the need for sustainable and resilient operations. The pandemic has resulted in significant disruptions especially in the automotive industry. The goal of the study is to determine impact of the COVID-19 on supply chain operations in a Turkish automotive manufacturer and to develop a framework for improving operational activities to survive in the VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) environment. The study identifies how the case study company has been affected by the COVID-19 outbreak and what challenges the company faced during the pandemic. A diagnostic survey and semi-structured interviews were used as data sources with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results showed that the pandemic led to significant disruptions through various factors explained by shortage of raw materials/spare parts, availability of transportation, availability of labors, demand fluctuations, increase in sick leaves, new health and safety regulations. Findings also show the necessity to re-design resilience supply chain management by providing recovery plans (forecasting, supplier selection, simulation, monitoring) which consider different measures in different stages. In addition, the best practices were recommended for the case study by considering internal, external, and technological challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the given targeted guidelines and improvement for the automotive company might be applicable in the industrial practices for other organizations. The article concludes with future research directions and managerial implications for successful applications.

Global Automakers. CSR Reporting and Targeted Stakeholders 2018-2020

This paper deployed a network-based computational content analysis approach to uncover the major themes and targeted stakeholder groups presented in the top leadership's corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports' introductory letters for eleven major global vehicle manufacturers for the period 2018-2020. Themes were based on the 3Ps of sustainability (people, planet, and profit), basic business practices (economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic) in the context of CSR, time orientation of the themes whether short- or long- term, and identified targeted stakeholder groups. This study is unique in that the extant literature reveals no research examining CSR disclosure in the automobile industry from both a sustainable goal-directed and practices perspective incorporating potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results revealed that some vehicle manufacturers focused on investor and economic activities while others communicated a general social responsibility message. During 2020, greater emphasis was placed on investors and somewhat less on society in general. Findings suggest the need for a more balanced representation geared toward addressing pandemic and post-pandemic challenges as well as traditional automotive manufacturing considerations.

Trade policies, firm strategies, and adaptive reconfigurations of global value chains

The recent U.S.–China trade conflicts cast new light on the role of trade policies in global value chains (GVCs). Contrary to the expectation that trade restrictions lead to the shrinking or disruption of GVCs, our article posits that the unintended consequences of trade policies (both restrictions and trade agreements) are amplified by the prevalence and organizational complexity of GVCs. We anchor our argument in the historical evolution of three classic GVCs – apparel, automobiles, and electronics – from the 1970s to the present. Our framework highlights the dynamic interaction between GVC-oriented trade policies and firm strategies, which often has counterintuitive implications in terms of upgrading outcomes for the countries and companies involved in these GVCs. While trade policies often provide momentum for an adaptive reconfiguration of GVCs, firms’ strategic actions are crucial in modifying the geographic and organizational features of GVCs in ways that support their longevity. Firm strategies can mediate the effect of trade policies on GVC configurations in two ways: (1) firms can accommodate trade restrictions and trade agreements by altering supply and demand locations and by switching supply-chain partners;and (2) firms pursue diverse strategies to upgrade their value chain activities, leveraging the shifting geographies associated with new trade rules.

A summary of the main actions of the Iranian government during the COVID-19: from March 5 until December 20, 2020

This document summarizes how during the disease epidemic in Iran, the government first considered emergency measures for the center of the disease epidemic, the Qom province. And after that by observing new cases in Tehran, Gilan, and Mazandaran provinces, which are the adjacent provinces to Qom province, the emergency measures for these three provinces were considered as well. Severe travel restrictions, preventing cars with non -native license plates from entering center of the provinces, restrictions on the reopening of guilds, passages, shopping and entertainment centers, reducing working hours of some guilds,closure of mosques and holy places, teleworking of government employees, preventing the reopening of schools and universities, strict restrictions in banks and imposing night traffic ban from 9 p.m. were effective measures of the Ministry of Health and the government.

Study on the necessity of the operation of some rural car services in a pandemic context

The paper aims to analyze using mathematical methods, a statistical model, considering as a case study an AUTO service in rural areas so that, under restrictive conditions generated by COVID-19 and compared to similar periods in previous years, it was possible to optimize the profit obtained by to the company manager. The study was conducted based on a mechanical workshop, "Vest Transcom", from which we evaluated the correlation coefficient. The mechanical workshop is located in the rural area of Caras-Severin County. The analyzed period was one month during the pandemic, respectively May 2021. The correlation coefficient is the one that measures the degree of independence between two quantities. Some of the parts in the workshop were highlighted. Their cost and the total cost of a mechanical repair were evaluated. The authors continued the study by analyzing the dependence of labor price, this time as a function of the total price of parts (primary and secondary) it was observed that the second-degree polynomial model better approximates the phenomenon, R2 = 0.85. The mathematical function that describes the analyzed model is of several variables, so the factors generated favorable opinion for the business by the age of the car park in rural areas and the distance to large cities with CAR REPRESENTATIONS for different brands. From the statistical interpretation of the experimental data which represents a sample of the total parts contained in the "Vest Transcom" workshop, we can conclude that the ratio between the costs of parts and the repair price induced by the exchange of a certain one is the best possible because the correlation coefficient has a positive value less than 1. Given the pandemic context, the mechanical workshop "Vest Transcom" worked very well, given that the car fleet from the rural area mostly includes old cars, which always need maintenance and upkeep, even if people have travelled less, there were still many cars to be repaired, so it is very necessary to have car workshops in the rural areas. rural environment, mechanical workshop, mathematical analysis Sustainable Development, Environmental Engineering and Geomatics.